Over the past several decades, identifying the determinants of self-employment and entrepreneurship behavior has been an important topic in the labor economics literature, both in the United States and abroad. Researchers have sought to explain changes in self-employment rates over time, as well as differences in rates across demographic groups. Part of the motivation for these studies has been the fact that governments have pursued the promotion of self-employment as a strategy for reducing unemployment or for increasing labor force activity among disadvantaged groups in particular, including youth, immigrants, ethnic minorities, and women. It is therefore important to identify the factors that affect the choice between employment sectors. It is especially important to determine whether self-employment is a desirable move "upward" for workers, or whether it is a second choice for those dissatisfied in the wage and salary sector. One source of dissatisfaction could be wage or salary earnings less than “expected,” as compared with other workers.