CFBC plants in the power generation market are particularly effective with very low grade coals. The different combustion environment, compared to pulverised coal fired plant, gives rise to unique ash-related problems such as bed agglomeration. The new generation of pulverised coal fired plant, designed for high efficiency through the use of high steam temperatures and pressures, present the greatest challenge with respect to ash slagging and fouling. These new plant are almost certain to be required to operate under conditions that allow carbon capture and storage, for compliance with climate change driven requirements. The leading technology for this is oxy-firing and represents a very substantial change to combustion conditions within the boiler. It is regarded by boiler manufacturers, users and academic researchers as warranting significant study to identify and ameliorate any issues arising from the new combustion environment.