The large reduction in INON areas from the small-scale hydropower (Fig. 3) is due to the fact that producing the same volume from many small-scale plants implies several small encroachments in an area, hence fragmenting the landscape. Larger hydropower projects will have more concentrated encroachments, even though the distances from the reservoir, brooklet intakes and access roads can be considerable. In our case, wind power came out by far as the best option with respect to INON. The wind power farm is very concentrated and the single farm selected in our study was situated at a short distance to existing infrastructure (not within an INON area) and hence the park did not cause further effect. As we used only one wind power farm, this result cannot be used to generalize the INON parameter.