Biomass fuels are available as by-products of rice
milling and other agricultural crop production. The by-products or residues generated
were calculated using an estimate for yield of crop residues, known as the Residue-to-
Product. Country-specific RPRs were drawn from studies conducted in Southeast Asia,
notably those by S. Papong et al. (2004), B. Sajjakulnukit et al. (2005), and O. Akgün et al.
(2011), as well as from data for Thailand and Lao PDR. Where country-specific data were
not available, such as for Cambodia, derived RPR values were applied.