In relation to health promotion and public health, Orlandi and others (1990) identified the need to address the gap between innovation development and diffusion planning. Systematic reviews in the 1990s revealed both inattention to diffusion and dissemination and mixed findings. Oldenburg and others (1999) conducted a content analysis of 1,210 articles published in twelve public health and health promotion journals in the early 1990s, and classified 89 percent of the published studies as basic research and development (including efficacy trials), 5 percent innovation develop ment studies, and less than 1 percent dissemination and diffusion research. Similarly, in a content analysis of four journals, Sallis, Owen, and Fotheringham (2000) found that less. than 20 percent of articles addressed the translation of research into prac tice. A re.cent systematic review of thirty-one dissemination studies in cancer control concluded that there was no strong evidence to recommend any single dissemination strategy as effective or to improve the uptake of cancer control interventions (Ellis and others, 2005). There simply was too little research to reach conclusions