Even in the late eighties, ink manufacturers still developed waterless offset inks from the materials they were familiar with since the beginning. There were inks that could be used in both processes. However, due to the toning risk at higher tempetatures, only highly viscous, putty like and highly tacky inks could be used for the waterless offset. Surface tensions are difficult to measure in pasty inks. It was noticed, however, that the viscosity reduced at increasing temperatures. Consequently, the inks manufacturers performed tests and discovered that the toning risk could be reduced with higher viscosities and tacks. However, such inks were difficult to print because they were hard to take out of the can with a putty knife and caused haevy picking (pulled fibers from the paper). Japanese printers therefore used different settings for cold (beginning of the day) and warmed-up machines. In a first step with new ingredients ink developers tried to solve the toning problem by adding some percent of silicon oils. This is still today a wide spread way. But it is only a partial solution to the problem, because it is not always satisfactory. And silicon containing inks cannot be recycled in the mass of conventional inks.