Developing countries are witnessing the fastest growth of wireless phones and other device penetration due to their lack of a wired infrastructure. This will require an inevitable increase in both installed base stations (BSs) and the demand on power grids and device power usage. While modern electrical systems and devices are pro- viding comfort, security, and ubiquitous communication, they are increasing energy consumption in an exponential manner as well. Increased energy consumption in different sectors is one of the major reasons for greenhouse gas emissions. A recent study by CEA Leti shows that the information and communication technology (ICT) industry sector is responsible for about 3% of the total energy consumption. ICT gen- erates 2% of the worldwide CO2 emissions, which is roughly comparable to one-fourth
of the worldwide CO2 emissions by cars. It is also comparable to aviation industries. The consumption of power in the ICT sector is rising at 16–20% each year, and it is doubling every four to five years. Also, the increase in telecommunications data volume is approximately a 10x increase every five years, and the corresponding increase in
energy consumption is 16–20% each year