social enterprises. Employment-focused cooperatives are included in a specific class of so- cial enterprises called “work integration social enterprises” (WISE). Their main purpose is “the social and occupational integration of disabled or socially marginalized people, while providing them adequate follow-up or training for a sustainable integration, within the enterprise or with a regular employer” (Spear & Bidet, 2004, p. 8). Borzaga and De- fourny (2001) note a possible convergence of associations and cooperatives as associations adopt more entrepreneurial activities and cooperatives increasingly offer social benefits to nonmembers.