All participants were asked to check off a list of seven ‘benefits of smoking’. Six of the seven items were pre-coded, and comprised ‘relieves fatigue and stress’, ‘facilitates social interaction’, ‘helps thinking’, ‘makes one look mature’, ‘calms one's mood’ and ‘has no benefit’. The seventh item was open-ended, allowing students to fill in any other benefit they perceived. Thus, the total potential positive score was 6. In analyzing this list, ‘has no benefit’ was coded as 0, and the rest of the items each received a score of 1. A mean was calculated for the seven items.