As a result, social capital, cognitive/cultural institutional forces, and social network characteristics become crucial for
crafting effective interactions (Borgatti & Li, 2009; Koulikoff-Souviron & Harrison, 2008). Research on social networks and
cross-boundary relationships suggests that relationship-based coordination often contributes to effectiveness (Gittell & Weiss,
2004). Three, from the perspective of the focal firm, supply chains include both upstream (i.e., supply) and downstream
(i.e., distribution) flows of products, services, information, finances, and interaction patterns. The upstream component of a supply
chain begins with raw materials and the downstreamcomponent ends with the delivery of a product or service to a final customer.
This creates a complicated system of information and resource flows that span time, space, and strategic interests (Ketchen & Hult,
2007). Four, this definition also provides a useful distinction between firms as the unit of analysis, and those inter- and intra-firm
activities which are performed as part of the management of the supply chain. Supply chain management encompasses the
spectrum of alternatives directed toward orchestrating intra- and inter-firmactivities ranging from intermittent and transactional
activities to fully integrated and synergistic relationships and does not necessarily incorporate the entire set of value-creating
activities