What especially stood out at the time when The Passion of Joan of Arc was made was the film's camera work and emphasis on the actors' facial features. Dreyer shot a great deal of the film in close-up, stating that "There were questions, there were answers- very short, very crisp... Each question, each answer, quite naturally called for a close-up... In addition, the result of the close-ups was that the spectator was as shocked as Joan was, receiving the questions, tortured by them."[5] Dreyer also did not allow his actors to wear makeup,[14] the better to tell the story through their expressions—this choice was made possible through use of the recently developed panchromatic film,[12] which recorded skin tones in a naturalistic manner. Dreyer often shot the priests and Joan's other interrogators in high contrast lighting, but then shot Joan in soft, even lighting.[15] Rudolph Maté's high-contrast cinematography also allowed the details in people's faces, including warts and lumps, to be grotesquely visible. Dreyer also used many low angle shots of Joan's persecutors in order to make them seem more monstrous and intimidating, and several holes were dug on the set for the camera to get the appropriate angle, causing the crew to nickname him "Carl Gruyére".[5] Dreyer also shot the film "from the first to the last scene ... in the right order