describes achievement gaps in science as “alarmingly
congruent over time and across studies” (p 435), and these
achievement gaps are evident at the very start of school. Gaps
in enrollment for science courses, college majors, and career
choices also persist across racial/ethnic groups, SES, and
gender (National Science Foundation, 2001, 2002). Scholars
have linked early difficulties in school science with students’
decisions to not pursue advanced degrees and careers in
science (