So let me provide you with some conclusions about the etiology, pathogenesis, and presentations of neuropathic pain in people with diabetes. Diabetic neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders that occur in about 50% of patients with diabetes. As I showed you earlier, about 15% of those are painful, but it depends on the method of assessment; up to 40% may be painful. Single nerves may be involved with mononeuritis, and the pain is in the distribution of the nerve involved. Up to one third of patients have some form of entrapment, such as carpal tunnel, tarsal tunnel, and the like. There are a variety of conditions which masquerade as neuropathy, and these must be distinguished to avoid erroneous diagnoses and erroneous treatments. Distal neuropathy is the most common form of neuropathy. It is a mixed sensorimotor neuropathy involving small and large fibers with each having a different etiology, different clinical presentation, and a different constellation of features,and each should be treated on its merits. The mechanisms of pain and central sensitization in the central nervous system are being unraveled, and pathways are being revealed that lend themselves to novel forms of intervention directed at the specific receptors involved.