These results support the contention that nurses take other factors into account when deciding on appro- priate pain-relieving interventions (Voepel-Lewis et al., 2012). Nurses were also observed using infor- mal terminology to assess and reassess pain, asking the children if they were OK or feeling better. This has not been noted previously. There is a need to ascer- tain whether these seemingly informal exchanges between nurses and children/parents are avalid way of assessing pain