This section summarizes the results of two recent publications by TRACE (1998)and de Jong and Gunn (2001) that have provided comprehensive and up-to-date surveys of car time and fuel price elasticities of car travel. They reviewed evidence from more than 50 recent studies (1985 and later) for Member States of the European Union, reporting average unweighted values of short- and long-run elasticities for car trips and car-km. (The short run included only mode choice effects; the long run included some combination of mode choice, destination choice, travel frequency choice, relocation of population and retail and service activities.)