When the fatigue life of smooth specimens was correlated to the maximum nominal
stress, the fatigue life under impact cyclic loading was longer than that under non-impact
cyclic loading. On the other hand, the life was uniquely related to the range of plastic strain
at the mid-life of the fatigue process. The conclusion that the plastic strain range is a better
parameter for life prediction than stress parameters in the case of impact fatigue as in the
case of non-impact low cycle fatigue is very significant and seems to be the first report ever
published. The relation of stress range AD against the plastic strain range Acp and the total
strain range A& at half the total life is shown in Fig. 11, where the stress range means the
range of true stress. The strength coefficient under impact loading is about twice that under
non-impact loading, while the cyclic strain hardening exponent is about the same in both
cases. The effect of strain rate on deformation is concluded to be very important. The
difference of cyclic stress-strain behaviour is reflected in the difference of microstructure
formed under cyclic impact and non-impact loading. Roughly speaking, the cyclic
deformation of soft metals under impact loading resembles that of hard metals, or that of
soft metals at low temperature under non-impact loading.
The difference of deformation characteristics near the crack tip under impact and nonimpact
fatigue can be extracted from the relation of the plastic zone against the maximum
stress intensity factor given by equation (3). Levy et al. [12] calculated the plastic zone
around the tip of a stationary crack under plane strain small scale yielding conditions by
the finite element method. The size of the plastic zone wy in the direction perpendicular to
the crack plane is given by
where oy is the yield strength. If we assume that equation (3) is applicable to the plastic zone
size left beneath the fracture surface, the ratio of the yield strength to the monotonic yield
strength is 4.6 for impact fatigue and 1.3 for non-impact fatigue. The yield strength for the
former case is about 3.5 times larger than that for the latter case. In the relation between
da/dN and K,,,, the exponent of equation (2) is smaller in impact fatigue than that in nonimpact
fatigue, again corresponding to the change of exponent due to material strength. We
have not yet observed the crack propagation behaviour near the threshold and unstable
fracture. Both threshold stress intensity factor and fatigue fracture toughness are expected
to be lower in impact fatigue. It is very important in the design or maintenance procedure
to note that the material is more susceptible to fracture under impact cyclic loading if
cracks or flaws exist in the material.
For notched specimens, both nucleation and propagation lives are much shorter in
impact fatigue than in non-impact fatigue when compared at the same maximum nominal
net section stress and the same stress concentration factor. The fatigue strength reduction
due to fatigue is much larger in impact fatigue. The quantitative nature of the effect of a
notch on the crack nucleation life will be studied in the future.
When the fatigue life of smooth specimens was correlated to the maximum nominal
stress, the fatigue life under impact cyclic loading was longer than that under non-impact
cyclic loading. On the other hand, the life was uniquely related to the range of plastic strain
at the mid-life of the fatigue process. The conclusion that the plastic strain range is a better
parameter for life prediction than stress parameters in the case of impact fatigue as in the
case of non-impact low cycle fatigue is very significant and seems to be the first report ever
published. The relation of stress range AD against the plastic strain range Acp and the total
strain range A& at half the total life is shown in Fig. 11, where the stress range means the
range of true stress. The strength coefficient under impact loading is about twice that under
non-impact loading, while the cyclic strain hardening exponent is about the same in both
cases. The effect of strain rate on deformation is concluded to be very important. The
difference of cyclic stress-strain behaviour is reflected in the difference of microstructure
formed under cyclic impact and non-impact loading. Roughly speaking, the cyclic
deformation of soft metals under impact loading resembles that of hard metals, or that of
soft metals at low temperature under non-impact loading.
The difference of deformation characteristics near the crack tip under impact and nonimpact
fatigue can be extracted from the relation of the plastic zone against the maximum
stress intensity factor given by equation (3). Levy et al. [12] calculated the plastic zone
around the tip of a stationary crack under plane strain small scale yielding conditions by
the finite element method. The size of the plastic zone wy in the direction perpendicular to
the crack plane is given by
where oy is the yield strength. If we assume that equation (3) is applicable to the plastic zone
size left beneath the fracture surface, the ratio of the yield strength to the monotonic yield
strength is 4.6 for impact fatigue and 1.3 for non-impact fatigue. The yield strength for the
former case is about 3.5 times larger than that for the latter case. In the relation between
da/dN and K,,,, the exponent of equation (2) is smaller in impact fatigue than that in nonimpact
fatigue, again corresponding to the change of exponent due to material strength. We
have not yet observed the crack propagation behaviour near the threshold and unstable
fracture. Both threshold stress intensity factor and fatigue fracture toughness are expected
to be lower in impact fatigue. It is very important in the design or maintenance procedure
to note that the material is more susceptible to fracture under impact cyclic loading if
cracks or flaws exist in the material.
For notched specimens, both nucleation and propagation lives are much shorter in
impact fatigue than in non-impact fatigue when compared at the same maximum nominal
net section stress and the same stress concentration factor. The fatigue strength reduction
due to fatigue is much larger in impact fatigue. The quantitative nature of the effect of a
notch on the crack nucleation life will be studied in the future.
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