Participants and Procedure
From a business database held by the regional Chamber of Commerce and
Industry, 774 small and medium-sized enterprises in Southwestern Germany were
selected, called, and asked to participate in a leadership survey; 343 enterprises
agreed to fill out paper-and-pencil or online questionnaires including the 45 items.2
In the end, 162 (82% male) individuals with leadership responsibility returned the
questionnaires. The average age was 44 years (SD = 9.9, range = 24–65).