Anthocyanins have been shown to exhibit anti-carcinogenic activity against multiple cancer cell types in vitro and tumor types in vivo. Potential cancer chemopreventive activities of anthocyanins revealed from in vitro studies include radical scavenging activity, stimulation of phase II detoxifying enzymes, reduced cell proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis and invasiveness, and induction of apoptosis and differentiation. The anthocyanins modulate the expression and activation of multiple genes associated with these cellular functions including genes involved in the PI3K/Akt, ERK, JNK, and MAPK pathways (Figure 2). In vivo studies have Anthocyanins and Their