Independent n (%) n (%)
Ability to use telephone 70 (70.0%) 56 (62.0%) 0.016 8.0% 11.4%
Shopping 14 (14.0%) 3 (3.3%) 0.001 10.7% 76.4%
Food preparation 29 (29.0%) 13 (14.4%) <0.001 14.6% 50.3%
Housekeeping 61 (61.0%) 39 (43.3) <0.001 17.7% 29.0%
Laundry 41 (41.0%) 24 (26.7%) <0.001 14.3% 34.8%
Mode of transportation 49 (49.0%) 28 (31.1%) <0.001 17.9% 36.5%
Responsibility for own medications 51 (51.0%) 37 (41.1%) 0.003 9.9% 19.4%
Ability to handle finances 57 (57.0%) 42 (46.7%) 0.001 10.3% 18.07%
Baseline 90 days p
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Lawton and Brody Score 3.6 ± 2.8 2.5 ± 2.5 <0.001
Baseline 90 days p
n (%) n (%)
Absolutely independent 11 (11.0%) 2 (2.2%) 0.004
a
(Baseline value − 90 days value).
b
(Baseline value − 90 days value)/Baseline value] × 100.
Table options
The independence prevalence for IADL in the studied patients at baseline is 11% and at 90 days is reduced to 2.2%, being these differences statistically significant.
At baseline the greater independence corresponds to the use of telephone, housekeeping and medication management. At 90 days is seen an independence decline in every one of the activities studied. The biggest relative decline respect to the baseline is seen in the ability to shopping (76.4%) followed by making food (50.3%) and the use of transports (36.5%).
If we recode the Lawton index score at 90 days using the median as the cutoff (median = 2.53) and considering with higher dependence the patients with a score lower than the median and as more independents the remaining patients we objectify that adjusting by the following variables, comorbidity (Score of Charlson), age, fracture location, Lawton basal index and surgical delay the only variable to predict dependence in these activities of daily living at 90 days is the Lawton basal index value (Table 5).
Table 5.
Logistic regression model to predict dependence of the instrumental activities of daily living 90 days after the hip fracture, controlling for different covariables.
B p OR OR 95% C.I.
Lower Upper
Charlson comorbidity Index −0.090 0.640 0.914 0.628 1.331
Age (years) 0.002 0.959 1.002 0.928 1.081
Intracapsular vs extracapsular fracture 0.389 0.581 1.475 0.371 5.862
Lawton Index baseline −0.951 <0.001 0.386 0.267 0.559
Surgical delay (days) 0.033 0.686 1.033 0.881 1.212
Constant 3.949 0.208 51.897
Table options
4. Discussion
This study shows a clear decrease in independence level in all basic activities of daily living. The magnitude of this independence decrease between the baseline and at 90 days has been higher in the ambulation activities (31.6%), the ability to climb stairs (29.4%) and the ability to move from the couch to the bed (29.2%). The smallest decrease of independence was produced in the ability to feed (4.8%). These results show that the mechanical activities are the most affected. In this sense Alarcon et al. (2011) describes in his work that the most affected activities at 24 months were up and down stairs, go to bed and the ambulation capacity (Recovery between 67 and 76%). The activities less affected were grooming, feeding and the toilet training (86–95%) (Alarcon et al., 2011).
If we do not take into account the previous Barthel's index, our work shows in turn that dependence for the basic activities of daily living at 90 days after fracture is modified by the patientś age independently with any other variable like gender, comorbidity, renal function, type of fracture and surgical delay. Baczyk and Adamek (2010) is referred to as the age is a determinant factor to the loss of independence for the activities like mobility, feeding, drinking, grooming and dressing. If in addition to the previously described variables we adjust by the Barthel's index baseline we objectify that independence for basic activities at 90 days is significantly modified by the baseline index value. This finding is consistent with the findings by Simanski (Simanski, Bouillon, Lefering, Zumsande, & Tiling, 2002) which refers that after the multivariate analysis of the Barthel's index before fracture was the best forecast for the ADL to a year.
Most important independent risk factors for failure to return to the prefracture level of mobility were a limited prefracture level of activities of daily living and a delirium during admission (Vochteloo et al., 2013).
Regarding to the instrumental activities of daily living this study shows that the greatest independence loss is to use public transport, house cleaning and making food. All these activities show again as the motricity is clearly affected after fracture.
In the same way as was objectified with basic activities the patient's age is determinant of dependence for the instrumental activities of daily living when we take into account the age, the gender, creatinine clearance and comorbidity measured by the Charlson score. If we also take into consideration the Lawton index at baseline we objectify that the variable which modifies the dependence is the Lawton index value before fracture. This finding is consistent with what published by Koval, Skovron, Aharonoff, and Zuckerman (1998).
Direct measures of ADL impairment provides additional prognostic information on mortality for older adults with hip fractures even after controlling for medical comorbidity (Seitz et al., 2014).
4.1. Study limitations
The patients included in this study do not have to be representative of the general population of patients with a fracture of the proximal third of the femur. However, the characteristics of these patients and the results obtained in relation to dependence and functionality have been consistent with the published literature on this kind of patients (Koval et al., 1998, Seitz et al., 2014 and Simanski et al., 2002).
To minimize the information bias validated questionnaires of dependence for basic and instrumental activities of daily living were used (Barthel and Lawton index), as well as a comorbidity validated score (Charlson score) which could modify the patients dependence.
To control the possible confounding biases we have not only studied the fracture characteristics or surgical treatment, but variables such as comorbidity which clearly affect dependency, functionality and quality life of patients. In addition to control the effect of possible confounding variables we have used multivariate techniques of logistic and linear regression.
It is clear that preventive activity to reduce the numbers of fractures is a key strategy. Regardless of these activities this study shows that the degree of pre-fracture activities for basic and instrumental activities of daily living dependence is the determinant of the subsequent independence even after taking into consideration the age and comorbidity.
5. Conclusions
This study shows that recovery after hip fracture depends in large part on the pre-fracture health and functional ability of the patient. The variable predictor of independence for all activities after taking into consideration age, sex, comorbidity, fracture type, surgical delay and renal function is the baseline score of the Barthel and Lawton index.
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