The participants in this study included all students in three sections of CHEM 1061 General Chemistry, excluding students in a graduate program, those who withdrew from the course, and the five students who were under the age of 18 and could not be included due to the IRB requirements. On the first day of each semester, students were given an opportunity to opt out of the study; nobody chose this option. All students were surveyed on the final day of instruction using a paper Scantron survey form that was electronically tabulated by the university's Office of Measurement Services. Their grade data were collected from the instructor, and their demographic data were received from the university's Office of Institutional Research. The total number of students across three semesters (spring 2012, fall 2012, and spring 2013) was 1100.