Fig. 2. Influence of mixture formation concept on full load potential. The figures show where the fuel is introduced (external of the
cylinder or internal), the dark gray indicates fuel, the light gray indicates air. The number of ‘‘spheres’’ represents the density. The assumptions
for this comparison include stoichiometric operation (6 ¼1), constant volumetric efficiency (VE) meaning that the same volume of fresh
charge is aspirated, constant engine efficiency (BTE), and constant ambient temperature (T).