WOOD (1981): "Elongate, subcylindrical to somewhat dorsoventrally fattened, often tapering at each end. Color white to yellowish, sometimes with a few fine longitudinal streaks. Four instars in the few forms studied. Head capsule much narrower than prothorax, usually exerted, directed ventrally. Nine abdominal segments apparently present, with eighth and ninth partly fused; length of segments increasing towards seventh. Respiratory system functionally amphispneustic, although vestigal spiracles are present on first seven abdominal segements. Head capsule much narrower than prothorax, usually exerted, directed ventrally. Respiratory system functionally amphipneustic, although vestigial spiracles are present on first seven abdominal segments. Head capsule with light to dark brown sclerotized cranium bearing one to three pairs of bristles laterally and medially. Antenna small to minute, arising from anterolateral corner of head capsule. Mandible narrow, heavily sclerotized, lying in concavity in median face of maxilla, not extending to apex of maxilla, strongly reduced or lacking in Leptogastrinae. Labrum slender, wedge-like. ..."
MUSSO (1981): "Comparative studies on the planidial L1 of various species show quite a homogeneity as to their cephalic skeleton, absence of labrum, small mandibulae, simplified labium, devoid of a filter apparatus, and reduction of salivary glands relating to special ecological requirements and peculiar trophic behavior. The L2 and L3 are morphologically rather alike and differ from L1 according to their habits of living."
WOOD (1981): "Elongate, subcylindrical to somewhat dorsoventrally fattened, often tapering at each end. Color white to yellowish, sometimes with a few fine longitudinal streaks. Four instars in the few forms studied. Head capsule much narrower than prothorax, usually exerted, directed ventrally. Nine abdominal segments apparently present, with eighth and ninth partly fused; length of segments increasing towards seventh. Respiratory system functionally amphispneustic, although vestigal spiracles are present on first seven abdominal segements. Head capsule much narrower than prothorax, usually exerted, directed ventrally. Respiratory system functionally amphipneustic, although vestigial spiracles are present on first seven abdominal segments. Head capsule with light to dark brown sclerotized cranium bearing one to three pairs of bristles laterally and medially. Antenna small to minute, arising from anterolateral corner of head capsule. Mandible narrow, heavily sclerotized, lying in concavity in median face of maxilla, not extending to apex of maxilla, strongly reduced or lacking in Leptogastrinae. Labrum slender, wedge-like. ..."MUSSO (1981): "Comparative studies on the planidial L1 of various species show quite a homogeneity as to their cephalic skeleton, absence of labrum, small mandibulae, simplified labium, devoid of a filter apparatus, and reduction of salivary glands relating to special ecological requirements and peculiar trophic behavior. The L2 and L3 are morphologically rather alike and differ from L1 according to their habits of living."
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