Analyzing neural signals and providing feedback in real-time is one of
the core characteristics of a brain-computer interface (BCI). As this feature may be
employed to induce neural plasticity, utilizing BCI-technology for therapeutic purposes
is increasingly gaining popularity in the BCI-community. In this review, we discuss
the state-of-the-art of research on this topic, address the principles of and challenges
in inducing neural plasticity by means of a BCI, and delineate the problems of study
design and outcome evaluation arising in this context. The review concludes with a
list of open questions and recommendations for future research in this field.