The examples of energy policies, the assessment of environmental
impacts, centralisation, and top-down governance show
that the environmental movements opened up issues that were
previously seen as fixed and stable, as matters of fact, and turned
them into matters of concern, including at the national level.
This also indicates that the energy controversies in Aysen and Bo
Nok were not simple due to the NIMBY effect (Dear, 1992;
Wolsink, 2000). Instead, they led to a questioning of the separation
of technological developments and political arrangements. In the
process of contestation, the judicial, legislative, and executive powers
were involved and invoked. Citizens, activists, and experts challenged
the national regulatory frameworks regarding electricity,
water, environmental, and land planning, among others, further
politicising and democratising technological decision-making.