TOWARD A CONTRADICTION MODEL OF EFFECTIVENESS
it should be made clear that the approach to be taken forces the analysis of effectiveness away from attempts to conceive of overall organizational effectiveness. A contradiction model means the uncomproinised acceptance of the fact that it is folly to try to conceptualize organizations as effective or ineffective (Campbell, 1977). This approach agrees with the urg- ings of Hannan and Freeman (1977b) and Kahn (1977) that effectiveness not be used as a scientific concept.