Participant background characteristics included country of origin, age, education, area of residence (urban/rural), time since immigration, and poverty level. Because of difficulties IN obtaining information on income, participants were asked whether they have been living below the national poverty line. The poverty line is defined by the criteria for food security used in the Korean Nutritional Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Report [37]. Participants were classified as living below the poverty line if they agreed to the statements, “Sometimes food was scarce because of insufficient income,” and “Often food was scarce because of insufficient income,” and living above the poverty line if they agreed to the statements,“I could get enough and diverse food whenever I want,” and “I could get enough but not diverse food whenever I want”.