Background: In patients with shoulder disease, kinetic chain exercises including hip or trunk movement
are recommended. However, the actual muscle activation and scapular kinematics of these exercises are
not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of trunk rotation on shoulder exercises
that are devised to improve scapular function.
Methods: Thirteen healthy young men participated in this study. Scaption, external rotation in the first and
second positions, and prone scapular retraction at 45, 90, and 145 of shoulder abduction were performed
with and without trunk rotation. Electromyography was used to assess the scapular muscle activity of the
upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA), and electromagnetic
motion capture was used to assess scapular motion. The muscle activity ratio, which is the
activity of the UT to the MT, LT, and SA, was calculated. These data were compared between 2 conditions
(with and without trunk rotation) for each exercise.
Results: Adding trunk rotation to scaption, the first external rotation, and the second external rotation
significantly increased scapular external rotation and posterior tilt, and all 3 exercises increased LT activation.
In addition, trunk rotation with scapular retraction at 90 and 145 of shoulder abduction significantly
decreased the UT/LT ratio.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that shoulder exercises with trunk rotation in this study may be effective
in patients who have difficulty in enhancing LT activity and suppressing excessive activation of the UT
or in cases in which a decreased scapular external rotation or posterior tilt is observed.
Background: In patients with shoulder disease, kinetic chain exercises including hip or trunk movementare recommended. However, the actual muscle activation and scapular kinematics of these exercises arenot known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of trunk rotation on shoulder exercisesthat are devised to improve scapular function.Methods: Thirteen healthy young men participated in this study. Scaption, external rotation in the first andsecond positions, and prone scapular retraction at 45, 90, and 145 of shoulder abduction were performedwith and without trunk rotation. Electromyography was used to assess the scapular muscle activity of theupper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA), and electromagneticmotion capture was used to assess scapular motion. The muscle activity ratio, which is theactivity of the UT to the MT, LT, and SA, was calculated. These data were compared between 2 conditions(with and without trunk rotation) for each exercise.Results: Adding trunk rotation to scaption, the first external rotation, and the second external rotationsignificantly increased scapular external rotation and posterior tilt, and all 3 exercises increased LT activation.In addition, trunk rotation with scapular retraction at 90 and 145 of shoulder abduction significantlydecreased the UT/LT ratio.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that shoulder exercises with trunk rotation in this study may be effectivein patients who have difficulty in enhancing LT activity and suppressing excessive activation of the UTor in cases in which a decreased scapular external rotation or posterior tilt is observed.
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