Chalkiness was measured using an image analysis system (WinSeedle™ Pro 2005a
Regent Instruments Inc., Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada). The system included a scanner
(Epson Perfection V700 Photo, Model# J221A, Seiko Epson Corp., Japan) that captured
kernel images, which were processed by discriminating chalky areas in the kernels
against a background color. Prior to measurements, the imaging system was configured
to color-classify chalky kernels by presenting a completely chalky brown rice kernel
to the imaging system. The background color selected was royal blue. Chalkiness was
quantified as the proportion of opaque relative to translucent areas of kernels. Percent
kernel chalkiness was measured using the procedure below.