Psychological effects of IPV were examined by Bogat et al29 using a cross-sectional study. The study included 205 women aged 18 to 40 years who had attained their third trimester of pregnancy. Participants were queried on their IPV history with current pregnancy with a cur- rent partner, previous year with a current partner, and with a previous partner. IPV history was found in 56% of the women, but in 44% IPV had not occurred in the last 6 months. The chronic group demonstrated the most negative psychological outcomes, which included symp- toms of PTSD. Chronic violence across partners and time and severity of IPV were the most significant predictors of adverse psychological outcomes