The toddler years (1 to 3 years of age) are ones of rapid change and can be among the most exciting and challenging for parents and pediatricians.The most dramatic advances occur in language and interpersonal skills, but progress is evident in all areas as development proceeds along the traditional lines of affective, motor, cognitive, and physical growth (Fig. 1).Themes in affective development include the toddler’s striving for autonomy and independence from caregivers, the continuing importance of attachment to family,and the initial work on achieving impulse control. In addition, the
child’s behavior style, or temperament, is highly evident and shapes all social interactions.Cognitively, the toddler makes the transition in the second year from sensorimotor to preoperational thought, as defined by Piaget. The transition is characterized by the acquisition of language and the development of pretend play. The young toddler may know only a few words and relies primarily on motor skills to manipulate the environment. In contrast, the 3-year-old can speak in sentences and uses these verbal skills to communicate and achieve goals.Physical growth continues more slowly than during infancy, but at a predictable pace. In contrast, fine motor and gross motor skills progress quickly. The young toddler walks with a wide gait and somewhat hesitantly, but quickly will be running and jumping. The
increasingly independent 3-year-old can manipulate a fork and pour from a pitcher.Tables 1 through 5 providespecific milestones in these areas during toddlerhood. Familiarity with such developmental data will enable the clinician to monitor children’s development more effectively during health supervision visits as well as address typical, stage-related behavioral and developmental issues with families.
The toddler years (1 to 3 years of age) are ones of rapid change and can be among the most exciting and challenging for parents and pediatricians.The most dramatic advances occur in language and interpersonal skills, but progress is evident in all areas as development proceeds along the traditional lines of affective, motor, cognitive, and physical growth (Fig. 1).Themes in affective development include the toddler’s striving for autonomy and independence from caregivers, the continuing importance of attachment to family,and the initial work on achieving impulse control. In addition, thechild’s behavior style, or temperament, is highly evident and shapes all social interactions.Cognitively, the toddler makes the transition in the second year from sensorimotor to preoperational thought, as defined by Piaget. The transition is characterized by the acquisition of language and the development of pretend play. The young toddler may know only a few words and relies primarily on motor skills to manipulate the environment. In contrast, the 3-year-old can speak in sentences and uses these verbal skills to communicate and achieve goals.Physical growth continues more slowly than during infancy, but at a predictable pace. In contrast, fine motor and gross motor skills progress quickly. The young toddler walks with a wide gait and somewhat hesitantly, but quickly will be running and jumping. Theincreasingly independent 3-year-old can manipulate a fork and pour from a pitcher.Tables 1 through 5 providespecific milestones in these areas during toddlerhood. Familiarity with such developmental data will enable the clinician to monitor children’s development more effectively during health supervision visits as well as address typical, stage-related behavioral and developmental issues with families.
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