In 2003, K. Ashok, et al. [3] uses an atmospheric general circulation model and
observed datasets of sea surface temperature and rainfall. They studied the in°uence
of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on the Australian winter rainfall. The IOD has
signi¯cant negative partial correlations with rainfall over the western and southern
regions of Australia. These negative partial correlations extend south-eastward from
Indonesia all the way to south east Australia.