Oleochemicals as polymer materials represent a relatively small
market, but are well established. We have to keep in mind that
before crude oil was explored the only possibility to do chemistry
was by using renewable resources. One example is linseed
oil, which is used to produce linoleum. Here, the demand has
increased from 10 000 tons in 1975 to 50 000 tons in 1998
(coming from 120 000 tons in 1960!) (Yap et al., 2010). Another
example: epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as a plastic and
coating additive has a relatively stable market of approximately
100 000 tons/year (Sharma et al., 2006a). It is worth
mentioning that the dicarboxylic acids are industrially produced
either via ozonolysis of oleic acid to produce azelaic acid
(one of the few examples of large-scale industrial ozonolysis)
or by dimerization of linoleic acid and oleic acid to obtain
complex mixtures of high molecular weight diacids (e.g., EMPOL
types), originally introduced in the 1950s by General
Mills Chemicals and Emery (both now Cognis Corp.) (Ho¨ fer,
1996).
In a variety of polymer applications, such as coatings, large
amount of solvents has to be used, including hydrocarbon and
chlorinated solvents. Here, a clear trend is seen toward the socalled
‘‘green solvents’’, such as ester solvents, typically produced
from naturally based fatty acids and/or fatty alcohols,
representing the largest group
Oleochemicals as polymer materials represent a relatively smallmarket, but are well established. We have to keep in mind thatbefore crude oil was explored the only possibility to do chemistrywas by using renewable resources. One example is linseedoil, which is used to produce linoleum. Here, the demand hasincreased from 10 000 tons in 1975 to 50 000 tons in 1998(coming from 120 000 tons in 1960!) (Yap et al., 2010). Anotherexample: epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as a plastic andcoating additive has a relatively stable market of approximately100 000 tons/year (Sharma et al., 2006a). It is worthmentioning that the dicarboxylic acids are industrially producedeither via ozonolysis of oleic acid to produce azelaic acid(one of the few examples of large-scale industrial ozonolysis)or by dimerization of linoleic acid and oleic acid to obtaincomplex mixtures of high molecular weight diacids (e.g., EMPOL types), originally introduced in the 1950s by GeneralMills Chemicals and Emery (both now Cognis Corp.) (Ho¨ fer,1996).In a variety of polymer applications, such as coatings, largeamount of solvents has to be used, including hydrocarbon andchlorinated solvents. Here, a clear trend is seen toward the socalled‘‘green solvents’’, such as ester solvents, typically producedfrom naturally based fatty acids and/or fatty alcohols,representing the largest group
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