However, the powder may presentoperational challenges when wetting large quantities and dueto the extremely low fluidization velocities required to expandthe small particles. Further investigation of this novel technology is necessary to elucidate the nitrate-removal performance andcost efficiency of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification fluidizedbiofilters. Building upon this foundational presentation of mediaphysical properties and fluidization velocities, future work shouldaim to quantify changes in sulfur particles due to biofilm growthand sulfur consumption.