1. Introduction
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with significant postoperative blood loss for
which blood transfusion might be necessary. The role of wound drainage is controversial.
The use of drainage was believed to be effective in decreasing hematoma formation
(Drinkwater and Neil 1995; Holt et al. 1997; Martin et al. 2004), which has been theoretically
thought to decrease postoperative pain, swelling, and incidence of infection(Kim et al. 1998).
However, a closed suction drainage system inevitably increases bleeding because the
tamponade effect of a closed and undrained wound is eliminated. Though some studies
have shown that drainage after TKA is not necessary(Adalberth et al. 1998; Niskanen et al.
2000; Esler et al. 2003; Parker et al. 2004; Jones et al. 2007), it is still widely used by
orthopedic surgeons(Canty et al. 2003).
Surgeons who routinely drain total knee replacements may also use adjunctive measures
such as autologous blood transfusion, use of fibrin tissue adhesive, compression bandaging
and local ice packing(Gibbons et al. 2001; Kullenberg et al. 2006; Radkowski et al. 2007) to
reduce the excessive blood loss from the drain. Recently, drain clamping has received
increasing attention. Since most of the blood loss in TKA occurs during the first few
postoperative hours (37% in 2 hours and 55% in 4 hours)(Jou IM 1993; Senthil Kumar et al.
2005), it seems reasonable to clamp the drain tube in the first few hours after TKA to
temporarily create a tamponade effect for bleeding control. Various methods of clamping
drain have been reported in the literature. However, no consensus has been achieved to
date.
To clarify the role of drainage system after total knee arthroplasty, we conduct a review
process in the present project. A comprehensive search was carried out and the articles
regarding the drainage after surgery were reviewed. This review article focused on:
1. Effectiveness of postoperative drainage in TKA.
2. Safety and complications of postoperative drainage in TKA.
3. Effect of temporary drain clamping.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the pros and cons in using the drainage system after
total knee arthroplasty and to provide practical information for orthopedic surgeons and
medical care givers.
www.intechopen.com
Recent Advances in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
268
2. Search of literature
Our review team completed the search of electronic databases, including the Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials (2010), PubMed Medline (1966 to May 2011), and
Embase (1980 to May 2011). We used the following search terms and Boolean operators:
(drain OR drainage) AND (knee OR arthroplasty OR joint replacement). We also searched
the reference lists of the relevant articles for any further associated studies. The criteria for
inclusion in our study were: 1) reports dealing with patients undergoing primary TKA, 2)
studies about postoperative drainage. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the studies,
we then determined if the study was appropriate for retrieval. These retrieved articles were
reviewed by our review team. A consensus about the content of this review article was
reached through out series of discussion.
1. บทนำ ข้อเข่า (TKA) จะเกี่ยวข้องกับการสูญเสียเลือดในการผ่าตัดที่สำคัญสำหรับ โลหิตที่อาจมีความจำเป็น บทบาทของแผลระบายจะแย้ง ใช้ระบายน้ำว่ามีประสิทธิภาพในการลดการก่อตัวของเลือด (Drinkwater และนีล 1995 โฮลต์ et al. 1997 มาร์ตินเอ็ด al. 2004), ซึ่งถูกตามหลักวิชา คิดลดในการผ่าตัดอาการปวด บวม และอุบัติการณ์ของการติดเชื้อ (Kim et al. 1998) อย่างไรก็ตาม ระบบระบายน้ำดูดปิดย่อมเพิ่มเลือดเนื่องจากการ ตัดผลถูกบีบรัดของบาดแผลปิด และ undrained แม้ว่า ศึกษาของบาง มีแสดงที่ระบายหลังจาก TKA ไม่จำเป็น (Adalberth et al. 1998 Niskanen et al 2000 Esler et al. 2003 ปาร์คเกอร์ et al. 2004 Jones et al. 2007), มันจะยังคงใช้โดย สาขา (Canty et al. 2003) Surgeons ที่ระบายน้ำแทนเข่าเป็นประจำอาจใช้มาตรการ adjunctive เช่นโลหิต autologous ใช้ของ fibrin เนื้อเยื่อกาว บีบสัมผัสพันแผล และน้ำแข็งภายในบรรจุภัณฑ์ (Gibbons et al. 2001 Kullenberg et al. 2006 Radkowski et al. 2007) เพื่อ ลดการสูญเสียเลือดมากเกินไปจากท่อระบายน้ำ ล่าสุด ท่อระบายน้ำล็อคได้รับ เพิ่มความสนใจ เนื่องจากสูญเสียเลือดใน TKA ส่วนใหญ่เกิดขึ้นระหว่างสิ่งแรก ชั่วโมงในการผ่าตัด (37% ใน 2 ชั่วโมงและ 55% ใน 4 ชั่วโมง) (Jou IM 1993 Senthil Kumar et al 2005), ดูเหมือนว่าเหมาะสมที่จะ clamp ท่อระบายน้ำในไม่กี่ชั่วโมงแรกหลังจาก TKA การ temporarily create a tamponade effect for bleeding control. Various methods of clamping drain have been reported in the literature. However, no consensus has been achieved to date. To clarify the role of drainage system after total knee arthroplasty, we conduct a review process in the present project. A comprehensive search was carried out and the articles regarding the drainage after surgery were reviewed. This review article focused on: 1. Effectiveness of postoperative drainage in TKA. 2. Safety and complications of postoperative drainage in TKA. 3. Effect of temporary drain clamping. The purpose of this article is to analyze the pros and cons in using the drainage system after total knee arthroplasty and to provide practical information for orthopedic surgeons and medical care givers. www.intechopen.com Recent Advances in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty 268 2. Search of literature Our review team completed the search of electronic databases, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2010), PubMed Medline (1966 to May 2011), and Embase (1980 to May 2011). We used the following search terms and Boolean operators: (drain OR drainage) AND (knee OR arthroplasty OR joint replacement). We also searched the reference lists of the relevant articles for any further associated studies. The criteria for inclusion in our study were: 1) reports dealing with patients undergoing primary TKA, 2) studies about postoperative drainage. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the studies, we then determined if the study was appropriate for retrieval. These retrieved articles were reviewed by our review team. A consensus about the content of this review article was reached through out series of discussion.
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