a cultivable land was limited in amount and was concentrated in powerful landlords,
b the people were forbidden by law to move to Manchuria and other places outside China, and
c there was no large industrial development to absorb the excessive manpower and to raise the standard of living in society.
Consequently, more people only meant greater social poverty.
ii. Poor economic conditions of the government - As society was poor, the taxes that the dynasty could collect were limited in amount. Besides, serious corruption in the government ate away a large part of the taxes that had been collected. I n society, powerful landlords evaded government taxes, thereby putting most of the tax burden on the peasants. When the oppressed peasants broke into rebellions, the dynasty had to spend more money to deal with the disorder, thus making the financial conditions even worse. From the mid-19th century on, the problem of political decentralization made collection of the whole country's taxes more and more difficult (sometimes impossible). Administrative inefficiency led to confusing financial management. To solve its money problem, the poor government increased taxes and sold more of its offices -- thus more social suffering, more corruption, and more rebellions.