To investigate the expression patterns of flowering-related genes in the leaves of chrysanthemum, plants were subjected to the following conditions: B-SD, B-SDINB-B, or B+ R-SD/NB-B. After 7d the leaves were harvested for RNA extraction and RT-PCR analysis Expression of CmFTL3 was highest under B-SD conditions, lowest under B-SD/NB-B conditions, and intermediate under B+ R-SD/NB B conditions(Fig. 3). Furthermore, these expression levels were correlated with the extent of flower induction. Under B-SD condi- tions, the expression patterns of 2 putative orthologues of circadian clock-related genes-TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1(CmTOC1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL(CmLHY)-showed clear diurnal rhythms, which peaked at dusk and dawn, respectively. Under the B-SDINB-B and B+R-SDINB-B conditions, the amplitude of this rhythmic expression was slightly reduced, and the peak phase was delayed(Fig. 3). The expression patterns of 2 chrysanthemum orthologues of flowering-related genes that act downstream of the circadian clock-GIGANTEA(CmGI) and CONSTANS(CmCOL1)-and 2 chrysanthemum photoreceptorgenes-CmPHYAand CmPHYB-also showed clear diurnal rhythms(Fig. 3). Under the B-SD con- ditions, the expression of CmGl peaked 8h after dawn. Under B-SDINB-B and B+ R-SD/NB-B conditions, this peak was shifted approximately 4 h toward the evening. Meanwhile, CmCOL1 was highly expressed in the morning. However, under B-SD/NB-B and B +R-SD/NB-B conditions, the amplitude of this rhythmic expression was slightly reduced. Under B-SD and B-SDINB-B con- ditions, the expression of CmPHYA peaked in the evening. However under B+ R-SDINB-B conditions, this peak was slightly reduced. Meanwhile, under B-SD and B-SD/NB-B conditions, the expres- sion level of the CmPHYB transcript increased 4 h after dawn.However, under conditions,this peak was slightly reduced.