Oppositional Brand Loyalty.
Oppositional brand loyalty is another social process involved in perpetuating consciousness of kind. Through opposition to competing brands, brand community members derive an important aspect of their community experience, as well as an important component of the meaning of the brand. This serves to delineate what the brand is not, and who the brand community members are not. Similarly, Englis and Solomon (1997) and Hogg and Savolainen (1997) reported that consumers use brand choices to mark both their inclusion and exclusion from various lifestyles. Wilk (1996) found that consumers in Belize defined themselves more by the products and objects they avoided than those they sought. It is also consistent with the findings in urban sociology in which neighborhoods are defined in opposition to one another (Hunter and Suttles 1972; Keller 1968) and Maffesoli’s (1996) assertion of the significance of the other in community formation and maintenance.