Off-Farm GHG Emissions. Most of the off-farm
emissions are CO2 emissions from the combustion of
fossil energy—either diesel for transportation or natural
gas or other fossil fuels used in industrial boilers. Also,
the food industry is an intensive consumer of electricity
(Maxime et al., 2010), the production of which leads to
significant indirect GHG depending on the provincial
electricity grid mix. The direct and indirect emissions
from these energy sources were thus considered, as well
as those from the supply of other inputs such as chemicals
for cleaning operations, water, refrigerant makeup,
and packaging materials. The model uses data from
a life cycle inventory database that allows the capture