d Carvalho et al, 2004b found L. bulgaricus to survive better after freeze drying when grown in the presence of mannose, compared to other sugars such as fructose, lactose or glucose. They also stated that glucose, which is used as the standard growth medium, is the least effective carbohydrate when compared to fructose and sorbitol. The difference in the effectiveness of lactose, sucrose and trehalose in the recovery of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus after drying has been reported by Tymczyszyn, Gomez-Zavaglia, and Disalvo (2007). Sucrose was found to be as effective as trehalose in preserving the dehydrated bacteria, after growing them in a low water activity medium. Anekella and Orsat (2013) demonstrated MRS as a better heating medium than raspberry juice during the sub-lethal heat shock pre-treatment. Microorganisms were able to withstand up to 50 °C (for L. acidophilus) and 52.5 °C (for L. rhamnosus) in MRS as heating medium, whereas both the microorganisms were killed at 45 °C in raspberry juice as the heating medium.