Individuals are still working while learning in the work environment with familiar
tools, equipment and people. This approach is effective if the trainee performs the job
under the supervision of experienced trainers or mentors. Its main advantages are that
it is cost effective and productive (Juran, 1998). However, it may be relatively
unstructured and can benefit from more purposiveness, awareness and structure
(Clifford and Thorpe, 2007).