Objectively measured environmental factors showing statistically significant positive associations with rates or frequency of cycling were dedicated cycle routes (on and off road), ‘Safe Routes to School’ initiatives, short distance of trip, separation from traffic, short distance to a cycle path and presence of green space or recreational land. Objectively measured
factors negatively associated with cycling included traffic danger, sloping terrain and long trip distance. Ten studies (three ‘moderate’ and seven ‘weak’) did not identify an objectively measurable physical environment factor that was positively associated with cycling