Eq. (4.3a) determines the amount of time that a ton of grain spends on the railroad network when traveling via shuttle train service. The first term on the right-hand side of the equation represents the ‘in-transit’ time wherein the train is moving over the rail network. The second term represents the lost time due to mandatory crew changes. Using the parameter values listed above, Eq. (4.3a) returns a value 73 h. The results are independent of the demand rate.