this is a numerical representation of how “trustworthy” the results are. The researchers apply a formula to determine whether their results are due to chance as opposed to an actual correlation. For example, if a study found that children who were read to daily score 10 points higher on a cognitive test than children who were not, the p-value would tell us how likely it is that this result is due to chance as opposed to a real correlation between reading and test scores. Researchers usually agree that a p- value of .05 or less is statistically significant. So, for example, if someone says that the difference in test scores between two groups of children is significant at the p