5.3. The PV/T market
This study is based on solar products that are available
on the market. The market for PV/T modules is still small,
which means that the analysis is probably in favor of the
PV and solar thermal technologies, whose markets are larger
and more mature. Even though modules from the
upper end of the market in terms of efficiency were used
here, they are still far behind the efficiencies found in the
PV and solar thermal markets. For example, the state-ofthe-
art PV modules had an efficiency of over 20%, while
the highest electrical conversion efficiency found in a PV/
T module was 17.4%. There is also some uncertainty with
respect to the performance data of these modules since it
is only recently that standards for testing and certification
of PV/T modules have been developed. The analysis of the
covered PV/T collector is especially uncertain, since there
are very few market-available products of this type.
The thermal efficiencies are likewise lower for PV/T
modules on the market than for solar thermal collectors,
also for the covered ones. The heat loss is also larger from
the PV/T modules compared to pure solar thermal collectors.
While thermal insulation gives a higher output temperature
and thermal output, it reduces the efficiency of
the PV cells and also introduces higher demands on the
materials used in the modules.
This study is only focused on currently available technology,
for PV/T as well as PV and solar thermal. It is difficult
to predict the future for PV/T technology, as it
depends on both technological and market developments.
Some future research areas have been discussed by
Michael et al. (2015), including development of better
adhesives, improved lamination methods and the use of
nanotechnology. Better certification and testing standards
are also important for the PV/T market development
(Kramer and Helmers, 2013).
5.3. The PV/T marketThis study is based on solar products that are availableon the market. The market for PV/T modules is still small,which means that the analysis is probably in favor of thePV and solar thermal technologies, whose markets are largerand more mature. Even though modules from theupper end of the market in terms of efficiency were usedhere, they are still far behind the efficiencies found in thePV and solar thermal markets. For example, the state-ofthe-art PV modules had an efficiency of over 20%, whilethe highest electrical conversion efficiency found in a PV/T module was 17.4%. There is also some uncertainty withrespect to the performance data of these modules since itis only recently that standards for testing and certificationof PV/T modules have been developed. The analysis of thecovered PV/T collector is especially uncertain, since thereare very few market-available products of this type.The thermal efficiencies are likewise lower for PV/Tmodules on the market than for solar thermal collectors,also for the covered ones. The heat loss is also larger fromthe PV/T modules compared to pure solar thermal collectors.While thermal insulation gives a higher output temperatureand thermal output, it reduces the efficiency ofthe PV cells and also introduces higher demands on thematerials used in the modules.This study is only focused on currently available technology,for PV/T as well as PV and solar thermal. It is difficultto predict the future for PV/T technology, as itdepends on both technological and market developments.Some future research areas have been discussed byMichael et al. (2015), including development of betteradhesives, improved lamination methods and the use ofnanotechnology. Better certification and testing standardsare also important for the PV/T market development(Kramer and Helmers, 2013).
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