Effective recombinant vaccines were developed against the cestodes Taenia ovis, T. saginata, T. solium and Echinococcus granulosus. These vaccines are based on antigens of the parasite stage that adheres to the gut wall. When used for vaccination, these antigens induce immune responses that interfere with successful attachment. To date, although the vaccine against the cestode T. ovis has been registered in Australia and New Zealand, it has not been marketed. This could reflect the marginal commercial benefit of this vaccine and/or debate about the fundamental principles of cestode control in the intermediate versus the primary host. However, such developments prove that it is possible to achieve a reliable, high level of protection against a complex metazoan parasite, using defined recombinant antigens (30, 46).