In contrast to translation strategies (the translators’ global approach or plan of action on a given
text, according to their intention), translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of
language within that text.
Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate an equivalence for
the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT).
(Delisle)
Vinay and Darbelnet first proposed seven methods or procedures in 1973.1
: Loan, Calque, Literal
Translation, Transposition, Modulation, Equivalence, Adaptation