Social System Resources
The notion that particular programs can inculcate resilience via some form of inoculation is
belied by studies such as that of Lochman (1992), who found that a cognitive–behavioral intervention
with aggressive fourth-through-sixth-grade boys required boosters along the way to maintain the
initial level of success and to increase generalization of gains to include classroom behaviors. Key
factors appeared to be longer length of intervention, focusing on general cognitive processes such
as goal setting, consequential thinking and expectancies, problem solving, and focusing on the
maintaining factors for change by including the peer, school, and family environments as part of the
intervention program (Lochman, 1992).
Resilience is an ecological construct that requires the long-term coordination of social system
resources; it resides in the interaction of individual, small group, organizational, neighborhood,
cultural/historic, and macrosystemic influences. As Osher, Kendziora, VanDenBerg, and Dennis