Court Reform Efforts Remain Lacking: The general inactivity of the courts in dealing with copyright infringement issues remains a major disappointment in Vietnam. To IIPA’s knowledge, no criminal copyright infringement case has ever been brought to the courts in Vietnam. While inter-governmental discussions have been held on judicial reform, there seems to be reluctance in Vietnam to apply criminal remedies to even the most egregious cases involving copyright infringement. There have to date been relatively few civil court actions involving copyright infringement in Vietnam. The main reasons for this are complicated procedures, delays, and a lack of certainty as to the expected outcome. Building IP expertise must be a part of the overall judicial reform effort. Training should be provided to police and prosecutors, as they play a very important role in bringing a criminal offense case to the courts. Industry and the U.S. Government were working with the Supreme Court in drafting an “IP Manual for Vietnamese Judges,” but we understand that effort has stalled. The Manual should be concluded as soon as possible, including sentencing guidelines to create a level of deterrence in copyright cases. IIPA also recommends frequent outreach with judges (and prosecutors and police) as part of the judicial reform effort, to sensitize these officials to the enormous commercial harm being caused by piracy and seek a mutual path forward toward successful resolution of right holder claims involving infringement.