Uneven-aged single-tree selection silviculture dominates northern hardwood management in the
study area.
Harvest specifications vary with ownership and/or management goals, but stands are typically entered approximately
every 10–20 years and 1/4 to 1/3 of the basal area removed to leave 16–18 m2/ha (70–80 ft2 /acre) residual basal area (e.g.,Schwartz et al., 2005). Land ownership in the study area is divided between State (42%), non-industrial private (38%), and private industrial (20%) owners