Anecdotally, some participants described feelings of irritation after menthol and ethanol skin wetting; so it is possible that the sensation of irritation prevented a clear improvement in TC. Up to 50% of primary neurons that respond to cold and menthol also have the noxious heat receptor TRPV1 (McKemy et al., 2002); and Green (2004) has suggested that some of the neurons that have TRPM8 receptors may also project in the nociceptive pathway rather than, or along with the cold pathway. Alternatively, an in- crease in skin wettedness has been shown to reduce comfort (Fukazawa and Havenith, 2009), and wetting the upper body of participants may have thereby prevented an overall improvement in comfort. Lastly, menthol and ethanol skin wetting may have induced sensations that were ‘too cold’ (i.e. negative allesthesia); indeed, a warm stimulus is not always considered comfortable, nor is a cold stimulus always uncomfortable (Cabanac, 1972). That TC was not negatively altered following menthol and ethanol skin wetting raises the possibility of using a water-based menthol so- lution to improve thermal perceptions during exercise in the heat.